Emperor Justin II - A Concise Biography

Sovereign Justin II - A Concise Biography Justin was the nephew of the Emperor Justinian: the child of Justinians sister Vigilantia. As an individual from the royal family, he got intensive instruction and appreciated impressive advantages not accessible to lesser residents of the Eastern Roman Empire. His incredible position might be the reason he was equipped with extraordinary fearlessness that could be, and frequently was, saw as pomposity. Justins Rise to the Throne Justinian had no offspring of his own, thus it was normal that one of the children and grandsons of the rulers kin would acquire the crown. Justin, similar to a few of his cousins, had a flock of supporters both inside and without the royal residence milieu. When Justinian approached an incredible finish just a single other competitor had any genuine possibility of succeeding the ruler: the child of Justins cousin Germanus, likewise named Justin. This other Justin, a man of significant military capacity, is considered by certain antiquarians to have been a superior possibility for the situation of ruler. Tragically for him, the rulers nostalgic recognition of his late spouse Theodora may have hurt his odds. The sovereign is notable to have depended vigorously on his wifes direction, and Theodoras impact can be unmistakably found in a portion of the laws Justinian passed. It is conceivable that her own abhorrence of Germanus kept her better half from framing any genuine connection to Germanus youngsters, Justin included. Besides, the future ruler Justin II was hitched to Theodoras niece Sophia. In this manner, it is likely Justinian had hotter affections for the man who might succeed him. Also, in reality, the head named his nephew Justin to the workplace of cura palatii. This office had for the most part been held by a person with the position of spectabilis, who saw to the general every day business matters at the royal residence, however after Justin was assigned, the title was typically gave to individuals from the magnificent family or, once in a while, outside sovereigns. Moreover, when Justinian passed on, the other Justin was guarding the Danube wilderness in his job as Master of the Soldiers in Illyricum. The future sovereign was in Constantinople, prepared to exploit any opportunity.â That open door accompanied Justinians unforeseen demise. Justin IIs Coronation Justinian may have known about his mortality, yet he made no arrangement for a replacement. He kicked the bucket out of nowhere the evening of November 14/15, 565, having never authoritatively named who was to take up his crown. This didn't prevent Justins supporters from moving him onto the seat. In spite of the fact that Justinian most likely kicked the bucket in his rest, the chamberlain Callinicus guaranteed that the ruler had assigned the child of Vigilantia as his beneficiary with his withering breath.â In the early morning long periods of November 15, the chamberlain and a gathering of legislators who had been aroused from their sleep raced to Justins royal residence, where they were met by Justin and his mom. Callinicus related the rulers biting the dust wish and, however he made a demonstration of hesitance, Justin immediately consented to the solicitation of the legislators to take up the crown. Accompanied by the representatives, Justin and Sophia advanced toward the Great Palace, where the Excubitors obstructed the entryways and the patriarch delegated Justin. Before the remainder of the city even realized Justinian was dead, they had another head. In the first part of the day, Justin showed up in the majestic box at the Hippodrome, where he tended to the individuals. The following day he delegated his significant other Augusta. What's more, very quickly, the other Justin was killed. Despite the fact that a great many people of the day accused Sophia, there appears to be no uncertainty that the new head himself was behind the homicide. Justin then set about attempting to pick up the help of the people. Justin IIs Domestic Policies Justinian had left the domain in budgetary trouble. Justin paid his ancestors obligations, transmitted past due assessments, and cut back on uses. He likewise reestablished the consulship that had passed in 541. This helped the neighborhood economy, which earned Justin good grades from the respectability and general people alike.â Be that as it may, things were not all ruddy in Constantinople. In the second year of Justins rule an intrigue occurred, conceivably persuaded by the political homicide of the other Justin. The representatives Aetherios and Addaios obviously plotted to harm the new head. Aetherios admitted, naming Addaeus as his accessory, and both were executed. Things pursued impressively smoother that. Justin IIs Approach to Religion The Acacian Schism that had part the Church in the late fifth and mid 6th hundreds of years had not finished with an abolishment of the shocking way of thinking that set off the split. Monophysite chapels had developed and get dug in the Eastern Roman Empire. Theodora had been a firm Monophysite, and as Justinian matured he had developed increasingly more slanted toward the sinful philosophy.â At first, Justin indicated a genuinely liberal strict resilience. He had Monophysite churchmen discharged from jail and permitted banished diocesans to get back home. Justin clearly needed to join the divergent monophysite groups and, at last, rejoin the blasphemous organization with the standard perspective (as communicated at the Council of Chalcedon). Lamentably, every endeavor he made to encourage harmony was met with refusal from die-hard Monophysite fanatics. In the long run his resistance went to obstinacy of his own, and he founded a strategy of abuse that kept going as long as he was in charge of the empire.â Justin IIs Foreign Relations Justinian had sought after an assortment of strategies to manufacture, keep up and protect Byzantine terrains, and had figured out how to gain an area in Italy and southern Europe that had been a piece of the old Roman Empire. Justin was resolved to devastate the foes of the realm and was reluctant to settle. Not long after he accomplished the seat he got emissaries from the Avars and declined them the sponsorships his uncle had conceded them. He at that point shaped a collusion with the Western Turks of Central Asia, with whom he battled against the Avars and conceivably the Persians, also. Justins war with the Avars went poorly, and he had to give them considerably more noteworthy tribute than they had at first been guaranteed. The settlement Justin marked with them rankled his Turkish partners, who turned on him and assaulted Byzantine domain in the Crimea. Justin additionally attacked Persia as a component of a partnership with Persian-controlled Armenia, however this also went poorly; the Persians not just beat back the Byzantine powers, they attacked Byzantine region and caught a few significant urban areas. In November of 573, the city of Dara tumbled to the Persians, and now Justin went crazy. The Madness of Emperor Justin II Assailed by impermanent attacks of madness, during which Justin obviously endeavored to nibble any individual who drew close, the head really wanted to know about his military disappointments. He obviously requested organ music to be played continually to relieve his delicate nerves. During one of his progressively clear minutes, his better half Sophia persuaded him that he required an associate to assume control over his duties.â It was Sophia who picked Tiberius, a military chief whose notoriety outshone the fiascos of his occasions. Justin embraced him as his child and named him Caesar. The most recent four years of Justins life were spent in confinement and relative quietness, and upon his passing he was prevailing as ruler by Tiberius. The content of this archive is copyright  ©2013-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this report for individual or school use, as long as the URL beneath is incorporated. Authorization isâ notâ granted to duplicate this record on another site. For distribution permission,â pleaseâ contact Melissa Snell.The URL for this archive is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/jwho/fl/Emperor-Justin-II.htm

Development of Recycling Company

Improvement of Recycling Company Official Summary As of late, the developing usage of plastics are explicitly utilized residential reason and created from mechanical and purchaser applications and need to joined with expanded shopper mindfulness encompassing strong waste reusing, has prompted an expanded interest for reused plastic tars and items for our general purposes. One of the snappiest expanding sorts of gathered plastic materials for reusing is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from post-shopper drink and water bottles. Replay Plastics will benefit from the open doors in the reused sap and bundling markets through two primary divisions: a Recycling Division and a Packaging Division. The Company will make a PET cleaning and refining plant where situated in the western United States (every one of the 16 significant North American PET reusing plants are as of now situated in the eastern United States or Canada). To be completely forthright, Its underlying limit will be 46 million pounds, and it will use post-purchaser bottle feed stock directly gathered in California, Oregon and Washington States, which gather more than 200 million pounds for every year. The Company will be vertically coordinated and use practically the entirety of its reused material in its Packaging Division and any excess materials (clean piece) created will be offered to outside organizations. The expelled sheet may then be offered to makers who will thermoform it into high-perceivability bundling or use it in other high worth included assembling activities. The tying will be offered to organizations who transport huge bundles or beds, for example, the timber processing industry. The Company as of now has duties accessible from clients to buy the whole item created. The board Ben Braddock, President who has encountered since 30-long stretches of history and related with incorporating all parts of Polymer Raw Material, Plastic Conversion Methods, and Venture Development. In addition, he has established extraordinary endeavors in the plastic changing over industry, and aided the dispatch of five plastic changing over assembling plants. In his own life, Sam McGuire, Executive VP and COO, is an alumni Engineer with practically more than 20 years involvement with the post-shopper plastics reusing industry and is the creator of the essential cleaning refining innovation utilized in the process for this undertaking. He has gotten a patent for his innovation and has been legitimately engaged with more than twenty-five significant post purchaser plastics reusing ventures. Carl R. Smith, CFO, has more than 30 years venture and trader banking and the board understanding. He has helped with raising over $500 million and filled in as board part and additionally offici al in more than 40 open and privately owned businesses. Money related SUMMARY In addition, following a multi month grow-up period to assemble the reusing and bundling offices, purchase hardware, and fuse the business, Replay Plastics will start a fast turnaround of item. Deals will start in May, and with over $15 Million in deals the main year, we will see a first year net benefit of $2.3 Million. The proprietors are contributing $500,000 each, for an aggregate of $1.5 Million, and are making sure about a $800K long haul advance. The Company is likewise looking a venture of $2,700,000 so as to start tasks. At that point, these assets will be utilized for the acquisition of one reusing line and one assembling line, for make of the plant offices and for working capital. An outside financial specialist giving this sum would get 48% value in Replay, and get an IRR of 69% from basic profits alone throughout the following 5 years. Toward the finish of that period, we will think about an open contribution of stock or a purchase out by a related business. Ongoing data on private deals of comparable industry organizations has demonstrated that exchanges under $25 million have arrived at the midpoint of 5.3 occasions EBITDA, while exchanges in the scope of $25-250 million have found the middle value of more than multiple times EBITDA. Further subtleties can be found in the Financial Plan, underneath. 1.1 Objectives Deals passing $15 million in first year, $31 million in year 2, developing to $43 million. Net edge of 35% or more in first year, 45% in second year then half or more. Net benefit of 13% in year one, at that point surpassing 20% every year beginning in year two. 1.2 Mission Replay Plastics is a for the most part fabricating organization devoted to changing over waste plastic materials into monetarily practical items, using naturally amicable reusing and assembling strategies. We plan to make enough benefit to create a critical return for our financial specialists and to back proceeded with development and proceeded with improvement in quality items. We will likewise keep up an agreeable, reasonable, and innovative workplace, which regards assorted variety, new thoughts and difficult work. 1.3 Keys to Success The fundamental keys to the accomplishment of the Company are: Secure Supply-Contract for flexibly of post-purchaser jugs and post-mechanical assembling waste for PET crude material feed stock. Advertising Contractual courses of action for the offer of for all intents and purposes all underlying creation. The board Strong senior administration with broad, wide based, industry-explicit experience. 1.4 Potential Risks Inaccessible or rare crude material feed stock for creation Replay is sure that it has made sure about great accessibility of minimal effort post-customer PET containers (feed stock) got from post-purchaser refreshment bottles from California based reusing gatherers, and has back up sources distinguished. Innovation utilized might be problematic or doubtful Replay will utilize a demonstrated, licensed innovation that was created by one of its principals for the cleaning and reusing stage. The expulsion division will utilize monetarily demonstrated innovation the business is utilizing extraordinary reused PET innovation which is utilized by unmistakable eastern U.S. producers of PET expulsions. There may not be a business opportunity for the Companys items The Industry-wide experience of the Management Team has permitted them to recognize markets for the Companys items. Their skill and notorieties have permitted them to get responsibilities for all intents and purposes the entirety of the arranged starting creation. The area may not be close to enough to business sectors The business sectors that have been distinguished are fundamentally in the western U.S., which will give a particular bit of leeway to the Company as a result of cargo expenses and conveyance timing. The Company will be unable to pull in top administration The Company has gathered a world class supervisory group with demonstrated capacity and direct involvement with the Companys advertise sections. Organization may not fulfill natural guidelines This naturally great endeavor accommodates the advancement of actually attainable and monetarily reasonable answers for PET plastic drink bottle reusing, just as ecologically mindful in-house re-use rehearses which channel and return about the entirety of the procedure water to the creation lines. The Company will most likely be unable to sell the entirety of its creation ability Through the Senior Managements industry-wide contacts, the Company has recognized potential clients and gotten duties for the entirety of the creation capability of the underlying office. Organization Summary The Company will profit by the open doors in the reused gum and bundling markets through two principle divisions: a Recycling Division and a Packaging Division. Reusing Division Utilizing a licensed procedure, the Company will make a PET cleaning and refining plant situated in the western United States; we have picked this district since every one of the 16 significant North American PET reusing plants are right now situated in the eastern United States or Canada, notwithstanding western states great reusing mentalities among customers. Its underlying yearly limit will be 46 million pounds and it will use bottle feed stock from California, Oregon and Washington States, which gather more than 200,000,000 pounds for each year. The Company will turn out to be absolutely vertically incorporated, and utilize all or practically the entirety of its reused material in its Packaging Division. Any excess material delivered will be offered to outside organizations. Bundling Division We will make a plant (genuine offices to be imparted to the Recycling Division) to produce expelled plastic move stock sheet or high-quality tying, utilizing best in class innovation created to use reused PET tar. The expelled sheet will be basically offered to thermoformers who will change over it into high perceivability bundling, just as laminators and fabricators. The tying will be offered to business clients for use as bundle or bed tying. The Company at present has duties from clients to buy the entirety of the underlying creation limit. Abundance drop will be offered to outside clients. 2.1 Company Ownership Replay Plastics is claimed by the underlying originators, B. Braddock, S. McGuire and C. Smith, who are the proposed three officials of the working substance. The arrangement was considered and created by these people, with the goal to apply their broad experience and contacts in the business to building an effective gainful partnership. 2.1.1 Potential Conflict Our COO, Mr. Sam McGuire, the creator and patent holder of the reusing procedure to be utilized by the Company, is a chief in Company An of Chicago, IL. For a long time, Company has planned, made and collected plastic reusing gear, and has given us cites on addressing our requirements around there. After an exhaustive examination, Replay has discovered that Company A can source or gracefully the necessary hardware at impressively lower cost than some other organization from which a statement was accessible. Mr. McGuire has revealed that Company A has incorporated a littler than typical edge in their statement on products they will make, to cover overhead, possibility and benefit which may bring about a little advantage to him. They have consented to source the entirety of the gear conceivable with no additional edge. Replay has presumed that the reserve funds availab

What was the function of disguise in The Odyssey, and how did it impact Odysseuss development as a character

What was the capacity of mask in The Odyssey, and how could it sway Odysseuss advancement as a character All through The Odyssey, by Homer, the peruser sees that camouflage has been embraced by various characters either to confound or encourage their or another character’s entry over the world. In actuality, a few characters expect numerous camouflages over the span of the account. Publicizing We will compose a custom basic composing test on What was the capacity of camouflage in The Odyssey, and how could it sway Odysseus’s advancement as a character? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Athena, the goddess, for example, puts on no under three masks. It isn't just the goddess who puts on camouflage however; Odysseus likewise pulls of the mask capacity to advance his objectives and targets. Odysseus was the lord of Ithaca when Palamedes sent him to the Trojan War which went on for a multi year timespan. The story starts when Odysseus with his crewjourney back to Ithaca, his country, as a Trojan War’s valiant legend. He heads out for Ithaca yet desp ite destiny ponders for 10 years when his boats were immediately floated to Thrace by a brutal tempest. It was the start of a campaign. All through the epic sonnet, The Odyssey, the capacity of camouflage helped the legend, Odysseus, to create through quietude and comprehension, which in the end drove the character back to Ithaca, with the guide of the goddess Athena. Odysseus faces numerous difficulties and disasters during this experience. During his movement back home, he was put to trialon various events bymonstrosity that almost devastated him. His knowledge and shrewd conduct made him get through the different risky circumstances he met. Eventually, he prevailing with regards to getting back home and this, he owes to Athena, the goddess, who continually bolstered him all through his movement. Athena relentlessly preferred Odysseus, as saw in The Odyssey, when Zeus, on Athena’s benefit, had requested him to discharge from the island of Calypso where he had been held host age for a long time. Sadly, Poseidon saw him gliding in the waters and was constrained to cause him to suffocate, had it not been for goddess Ino who spared him. Afterward, Odysseus came to Phaecia city where he experienced Athena masked as ruler Alcinous little girl. The accompanying passage underpins that, in reality, goddess Athena helped him (Homer and Johnston 111).Advertising Looking for basic composition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Straight to his home the reasonable peered toward Pallas went, loaded with plans for incredible Odysseus venture home. She advanced toward the merrily painted room where a little youngster lay asleep†¦Nausicaa, the girl of liberal King Alcinous†¦The goddess floated through like a breath of new air†¦in face and structure like the shimpan Dymas’ daughter†¦Disguised, the splendid looked at goddess chided†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (117). Athena ad ditionally needed to pour an ocean mist around Odysseus in order to secure him and afterward she accepted the state of a young lady and indicated him the route to the castle (Homer and Johnston 111-112). Athena again utilized this strategy when Odysseus had securely arrived at his country. The goddess didn't need the individuals to see his arrival until he had delivered retribution upon the admirers of his significant other. Zeus’ little girl Athena had made it a foggy day, so individuals probably won't know about his having come, and that she may disclose to him everything without either his better half or his kindred residents and companions remembering him until he had rendered his retribution upon the evil suitors(185). Back in his country route before the Trojan War, Odysseus was a ruler. He had a spouse and a child whom he had left a baby during when he needed to leave for Troy. In camouflage as a more peculiar, Odysseus had figured out how to persuade Alcinous to take him back to his country. He needed to take care of his pride in order to get the truly necessary assistance in arriving at home. â€Å"And there Odysseus stood, looking at this abundance, a man who’d borne so much†¦Once he’d had his fill of wondering it all.† (141). Athena had likewise camouflaged him as a hobo in order to seek retribution against the admirers. With this, Odysseus needed to again cast away his pride (Homer and Johnston 148). Athena discloses to him: â€Å"First I will change you-nobody must know you. I will wilt the flexible skin on your agile appendages, take the chestnut twists from your head and deck you out in clothes you’d hate to see some other human wear; I’ll diminish the fire in your eyes, so shinning once†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (253) once more, Odysseus shows a lot of loss of pride when he goes over a goat herder who taunts and kicks him yet was fit for legitimizing the circumstance. This flagged development in his part havi ng been a man of unreasonable confidence. Later on, he had the option to set aside his personality and vanity in any event, when in mask (Homer and Johnston 235).Advertising We will compose a custom basic composing test on What was the capacity of camouflage in The Odyssey, and how could it sway Odysseus’s improvement as a character? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The utilization of camouflage was useful as it permitted Odysseus to study his castle and recognize the individuals who had stayed steadfast and the individuals who had not. Emmaus was one of such extraordinary men who showed reliability to his ruler even in his long nonattendance. This is noted when he says: â€Å"Not even my folks at home, where I was brought up. I miss them short of what I do him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (354). He shows further steadfastness by demonstrating a sentiment of nauseate toward the admirers which truly moves Odysseus. Another token of steadfastness is appeared by his cani ne, Argos, who was just a doggy when Odysseus left and was at the point an old pooch. The pooch perceived his old ace, swayed his tail then kicked the bucket. The way that his better half, Penelope, didn't remarry despite the numerous admirers who sought her, shows an extraordinary tallness of devotion. Other faithful individuals were his child Telemachus, and Eurykleia, his old medical caretaker. The contrary case is with the admirers and all the more particularly Antinous who discourteously flung a seat at him when in camouflage had reported that Odysseus would return (Homer and Johnston 367-389). Bubbling over Antinous gave him a scorching look and let fly. ‘Now you won’t get out the lobby unscarred, I swear not after such an unsanitary string of insults!’ With that he held onto the stool and plunged it-Square in the back it struck Odysseus†¦ (369). In the end, Odysseus effectively vanquished the admirers and had the option to recover his stronghold. Afte r bringing back Odysseus undertakings from his fight with the beasts however his arrival home to his recovering the castle, it is noticed that his mind and appearance supported him put through his hardships, obviously, with the assistance of Athena who uncovered it to him after he had arrived in Ithaca. Sufficiently sure, the capacity of camouflage helped the saint, Odysseus, to create through quietude and comprehension, which in the long run drove the character back to Ithaca, with the guide of the goddess Athena.Advertising Searching for basic composition on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Odysseus venture was a lot of a self-revelation. It filled in as an acknowledgment of the stuff to be a pioneer, in this way, upgraded his development. Taking everything into account, the significance of camouflage in the Odyssey was not just that of down to earth purposes (to help Odysseus on his excursion back home to Ithaca), it likewise mentally affected Odysseus to improve things, which helped him complete his saint cycle. Homer. Odyssey. Trans. Ian C. Johnston. New York: Richer Resources Publications, 2007. Print

NYC ERB Prep

NYC ERB Prep January 8, 2013 Stephanie Sigal helps NYC students prep for the ERB, a kindergarten admissions test. While Ivy Coach does not offer NYC ERB tutoring, we recommend Stephanie Sigal, M.S., CCC-SLP. The ERB is known in NYC as the kindergarten admissions test for private schools. However, the ERB (Educational Records Bureau), is really the agency that administers a test that they call the ECAA the Early Childhood Admissions Assessment. Its ike the College Board for the SATjust high school students dont walk around saying that they have the College Boards on Saturday. Its possible their parents and grandparents do, though. It shows their age. The ECAA uses  subtests of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Presently, the ERB is using the WPPSI-III (for pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and first grade), but an updated WPPSI-IV was released in September 2012, which is reportedly more child friendly and fun. It is anticipated that the ERB will make the switch in the near future. Presently, eight subtests of the WPPSI 3 are administered to preschoolers. These include four verbal subtests (vocabulary, word reasoning, comprehension, and similarities) in addition to four performance subtests (picture concepts, matrix reasoning, block design, and coding). In the coming days, well go through what these various subtests of the ERB entail. In the meantime, have a question on NYC ERB prep? Send questions our way by posting below and Stephanie will answer them. Looking forward to hearing from you.

Political Geography and Sovereignty of Palestine

There are eight criteria accepted by the international community used to determine whether an entity is an independent country or not. A country need only fail on one of the eight criteria to not meet the definition of independent country status. Palestine (and I shall consider either or both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in this analysis) does not meet all eight criteria to be a country; it fails somewhat on one of the eight criteria. Does Palestine Meet the 8 Criteria to Be a Country? 1. Has space or territory that has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary disputes are OK). Somewhat. Both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank have internationally recognized boundaries. However, these boundaries are not legally fixed. 2. Has people who live there on an ongoing basis. Yes, the Gaza Strips population is 1,710,257 and the population of the West Bank is 2,622,544 (as of mid-2012). 3. Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money. Somewhat. The economies of both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank are disrupted by conflict, especially in Hamas-controlled Gaza only limited industry and economic activity is possible. Both regions have exports of agricultural products and the West Bank exports stone. Both entities utilize the new Israeli shekel as their currency. 4. Has the power of social engineering, such as education. Somewhat. The Palestinian Authority does have social engineering power in fields such as education and healthcare. Hamas in Gaza also provides social services. 5. Has a transportation system for moving goods and people. Yes; both entities have roads and other transportation systems. 6. Has a government that provides public services and police or military power. Somewhat. While the Palestinian Authority is permitted to provide local law enforcement, Palestine does not have its own military. Nonetheless, as can be seen in the latest conflict, Hamas in Gaza does have control of an extensive militia. 7. Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the countrys territory. Somewhat. The West Bank and Gaza Strip do not yet have full sovereignty and control over their own territory. 8. Has external recognition. A country has been voted into the club by other countries. No. Despite the super-majority of United Nations members approving United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 on November 29, 2012, giving Palestine non-member state observer status, Palestine is not yet eligible to join the United Nations as an independent country. While dozens of countries recognize Palestine as independent, it has not yet attained full independent status, despite the UN resolution. If the UN resolution had allowed Palestine to join the United Nations as a full member state, it would have immediately been recognized as an independent country. Thus, Palestine (nor the Gaza Strip nor the West Bank) is not yet an independent country. The two parts of Palestine are entities that, in the eyes of the international community, have yet to obtain full have international recognition.

The Kkk In America Essay - 1984 Words

The Ku Klux Klans long history of violence grew out of the anger and hatred many white Southerners felt after the Civil War. Blacks, having won the struggle for freedom from slavery, were now faced with a new struggle against widespread racism and the terrorism of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite what many might like to think, the KKK is still active today. The bare facts about the birth of the Ku Klux Klan and its revival half a century later are baffling to most people today. Little more than a year after it was founded, the secret society moved across the South, bringing a reign of violence that lasted three or four years. Then, as rapidly as it had spread, the Klan faded away. After World War I a new version of the Klan surfaced. Then,†¦show more content†¦The origin of the Ku Klux Klan was a secret for years, although there were many thoughts and theories to explain its beginnings. One idea was that the Ku Klux Klan was originally a secret order of Chinese drug smugglers. Anot her claimed it was begun by Confederate prisoners during the war. The most ridiculous theory was about an ancient Jewish document referring to the Hebrews enslaved by Egyptian pharaohs. In fact, the beginning of the KKK wasn’t as complex as many made it seem. It was just six young Confederate veterans in a small town with nothing better to do than to gather around a fireplace one December evening in 1865 and form a social club. The place was Pulaski, Tennessee, near Alabama’s northern border. When they got together a week later, the six young men were full of ideas for their new club. It would be secret, to make it more amusing, and the titles for the officers were to have names as crazy-sounding as possible, partly for the fun of it and partly to avoid any military or political involvement. The head of the group was called the Grand Cyclops. His assistant was the Grand Magi, there was a Grand Turk to greet all candidates, a Grand Scribe to act as secretary, Night Hawk s for messengers and a Lictor to be the guard. The members, when the six young men found people to join, would be called Ghouls. The founders were determined to come up with something mysterious. The GreekShow MoreRelatedRed Scare, KKK, Civil War Brought Fear to America1717 Words   |  7 Pagesof the unknown.†- H. P. Lovecraft. In the 1900’s, fear drove America. The Red Scare was a time when Americans were afraid of the threat of Communism. In the Sacco and Vanzetti case, two Italian anarchists were convicted of crimes which they were clearly innocent of. The Ku Klux Klan attempted to keep African-Americans out of positions of power and for brief time was successful. The Red Scare, Sacco Vanzetti case and the rise of the KKK all are example of how American’s fear the unknown and what weRead MoreThe Klux Klan And Kkk Klan1122 Words   |  5 PagesStates. One of the oldest hate group is The Ku Klux Klan (KKK). In 1970 the Ku Klos Knights of the Ku Klux Klan wa s formed. There are several Klan’s throughout The United States. One in particular operates in Missouri. There are many Klan’s throughout The United States. Most of these groups operate in the south. There is also mission and message these groups try to convey. Although the KKK used to be known for their violence, the KKK KKK is knowing for condemning violence. The group now usuallyRead MoreThe Ku Klux Klan, also known as the Klan or the KKK, originated in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1865.600 Words   |  3 PagesKlan, also known as the Klan or the KKK, originated in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1865. The first KKK was formed by six Civil war veterans, with the purpose to restore power to the plantation owners. The people that the KKK was against was African Americans and republicans. The second KKK was founded in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1921. This KKK lasted much longer and had millions of members, partially due to their organization with finances and members. The third KKK was founded as a civil rights movementRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Ku Klux Klan1136 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst free blacks and their white supporters. The KKK had a wide array of uneducated people because their main incentive was to recruit young, homeless, and mindless children to follow in their footsteps and become a member of the KKK. In many instances Klan members were taught the KKK did not believe that blacks were capable of the necessary decision making in life, they thought that Blacks were sub-human(Student Handbook 316). The KKK had many wrong beliefs, like that Blacks were notRead MoreKu Klux Klan714 Words   |  3 Pagessecret organization throughout America that has been active for several years and is responsible for more than 5,000 deaths. This organization bears the name of the KKK or Ku Klux Klan. Rosa Parks added to the topic of the KKK by saying, â€Å"It was just a matter of survival†¦ of existing from one day to the next. I remember going to sleep as a girl and hearing the Ku Klux Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down† (Parks). The KKK, scattered through the US, hasRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920 Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages The Ku Klux Klan had risen in the 1920s due to political encouragement through the movie, The Birth of a Nation, Prohibition, and political leaders. The Birth of A Nation by David W. Griffith had glorified the Ku Klux Klan. The movie portrays the KKK in such a way as Morrison exp lainsâ€Å"†¦The Rebirth of a Nation, in dubious tribune to D.W Griffith’s hugely successful 1915 film. In the film, as in Clansman, the novel on which it is based, the need to protect white women from the sexual threat posedRead MoreThe Kkk : History And The Aftermath Of Their Actions1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"KKK† History and the Aftermath of Their Actions There are many people who think of the KKK as a terrorist group but it did not start that way initially. The Klan started as a social group and turned into one of the nations largest and most feared terrorist groups our country has ever seen. Whereas they were just preserving the old gospel belief of racial separation, once slavery was abolished the KKK was able to inflict the pain, torture and murder on any former slave they deemed, given thatRead MoreAfrican Americans in the Reconstruction Era1518 Words   |  7 PagesBaggers and Scalawags, the Republican Party gained almost complete control over the South. Throughout this time, the ranking of freedman was significantly increased, and by 1868; many state legislatures had African American delegates. All of America, as well as the South, had to be rebuilt, and, despite the Souths hostile resistance, African-Americans were slowly and gradually becoming part of this nation. The long-awaited citizenship for Blacks was confirmed in 1868, by the 14th AmendmentRead MoreThe Ku Klux Klan Of The 1920s A Mainstream Organization?934 Words   |  4 PagesBrionna Palmer Professor Rodabaugk History 1051-001 October 4, 2017 Was the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s a Mainstream Organization? YES: Shawn Lay rejects the view of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) as a radical fringe group comprised of marginal men and instead characterizes the KKK of the 1920s as a mainstream, grassroots organization that promotes traditional values of law, order, and social morality that appealed to Americans across the nation. NO: Thomas Pegram, on the other hand, recognizes the KlansmenRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction1448 Words   |  6 PagesWar and Reconstruction was the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK was founded in 1866, and extended into almost every southern state by 1870. The organization became a vehicle for white southern citizens to deny Republican Party’s Reconstruction-era policies whose ideas, that tried establishing political and economic equality for African Americans. The KKK flourished in some regions in the South where, African Americans were a minority of the population. The KKK also targeted any individual or organization that

Syllabus Designing - Review of Literature free essay sample

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is often underestimated because of teachers attitudes which are often characterized either by condescension or reluctance. This is manifested in the belief that often prevails among teachers that ESP is for those who cannot teach the real language. A good example of this situation is English in other departments or The Language Unit at university where teaching this component of the students program of studies is generally the responsibility of junior members of staff and where it is a slot-filling subject in the teachers time-tables. This underestimation may be due to the fact many language teachers are not aware of what it means to be an ESP teacher, and what it takes to be successful in this practice. The situation in the Tamil Nadu is even more complicated as there is not even a separation between ESP and English for General Purposes (EGP) when it comes to syllabuses and methodology, and who is better trained to teach what. We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus Designing Review of Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Needs assessment, which is a major component of ESP, never exists, and, if does, it is never systematic, but rather based on teachers intuitions. Moreover, the methodology adopted in teaching never differs. That is, a teacher would enter a class with the same kind of methodology in mind regardless of the aims of each program. Unfortunately, programs are always put in the same basket and are always simply labelled as programs for Teaching English. As a matter of fact, English is not always just English for there are particularities that ought to be taken into consideration when designing syllabuses and practicing teaching depending on the objectives set for each situation. Definition of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) The term of ESP is generally represented as ‘English for Specific Purposes’, which emphasizes on the students’ purposes and refers to the whole range of language resources (Robinson, 1980). A definition of ESP given by Strevens (1988, p. 1 2) is that ESP needs to distinguish between four absolute and two variable characteristics namely: a. Absolute characteristics: ESP consists of English language teaching which is: designed to meet specified needs of the learners related in content (i. e. in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities entered on the language appropriate to those activities, in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc. in contrast with ‘General English’. b. Variables characteristics: ESP may be, but is not necessarily: restricted as to the language skills to be learned (e. g. reading only, etc. ) taught according to any pre-ordained methodology (i. e. ESP is not restricted to any particular methodolog y – although communication methodology is very often felt to be most appropriate). Munby (1978, 1996) defined ESP in relation to ESP courses based on the analysis of the students’ language needs. His definition of ESP is still current as follows: â€Å"ESP courses are those where the syllabus and materials are determined in all essentials by the prior analysis of the communication needs of the learner† (p. 2). The interpretation of the expression ‘learner need’ deals with two different aspects of needs (Widdowson, 1984, p. 178), referring to (1) what the learner needs to do with the language once he or she has learned it. This is a goal-oriented definition of needs and relates to ‘terminal behavior’, the ends of learning. (2) [W]hat the learner needs o do to actually acquire the language. This is a process-oriented definition of needs, and relates to ‘transitional behavior’, the means of learning. In ESP, the ends of learning are as important as the means in spite of being normally goal-oriented (Hutchinson Waters, 1987; McDonough, 1984; Robinson, 1991), that is, ESP is meant â€Å"the teaching of English, not as an end in itsel f, but as an essential means to a clearly identifiable goal. † (Mackay, 1978, p. 92) The term of ‘ESP’ has thus been used by different people to mean different things (Blackie, 1979). Nonetheless, the claims for ESP normally have in common in a sense that ESP is not a new approach, but an emphasis on English teaching that should be matched to the students’ specific needs and purposes for their study of English (De Jesus, 1999; Hutchinson Waters, 1984, 1987; La Perla, 1984; Mackay, 1978; McDonough, 1984; Munby, 1978, 1996; Robinson, 1980, 1991; Strevens, 1977; Swales, 1985). Chambers and McDonough (1981) argue that the ‘specific’ in English for specific purposes should refer to both the purpose the language is being used for and the language itself. Three kinds of purposes suggested by Mackay and Mountford (1978) are: 1. â€Å"occupational requirements†, e. g. for international telephone operators, civil airline pilots, etc. ; 2. â€Å"vocational training program†, e. g. for hotel and catering staff, technical trades, etc. ; and 3. â€Å"academic or professional study†, e. g. engineering, medicine, law, etc. Accordingly, an ESP course is pertinently purposeful and is aimed at the successful performance of either occupational/vocational or educational roles (Robinson, 1980) or both. Moreover, Robinson (1991) argues that the language produced as a feature of ESP should be good enough for the job and not be necessarily native-speaker like, but be the communicative strategies and effectiveness of the non-native professional users of English. History of ESP According to Johns’ (1991) discussion, the ESP history in brief with respect to its development and expansion throughout the world has been influenced by the major theoretical and applied schools of linguistics and developed into four phases. The first phase (the 1960s and the early 1970s) was the structure-based phase of linguistic (i. . lexical and grammatical) features of academic and professional registers, for example, the language of electrical engineering and the language of law (e. g. Herbert, 1965). The second phase (the late 1970s and the early 1980s) was the discourse-based phase of register analysis where the function and purpose in discourse became more rhetorical (e. g. Trimble, 1985). The th ird phase (the integration of the discoveries in phase 1 and phase 2) was communication-based phase of systematic analyses of the target learning ituations which concentrate on Munbyian concepts of ‘notional-functional curriculum’ (Munby, 1996), namely: (a) the communicative purposes of speaker/writer; (b) the setting for language use; and (c) the mode of communication and language use. This leads to the language teaching in a communicative approach. The fourth phase (the late 1980s and the 1990s) has been focused on the strategies which learners employ to acquire the target language where the needs analysis (or needs assessment) centers on activities or procedures leading to effective teaching and learning (e. . Hutchinson Waters, 1987). Throughout the past four decades of the history of ESP, the areas of theoretical development and interest in teaching and learning of ESP, relating to the two main branches of ESP: EST and NON-EST, seem to include an interest in regis ter, discourse analysis, the specification of students’ needs (and wants), study skills, or in various methodological approaches to the development of communicative competence (Flowerder, 1990).